Link to the UNESCO-IOC website
Link to the Bilko website
Earth from space
Annual sea surface temperature

Images used in lesson 2

LESSON 2

ASAR image of internal waves off the coast of Mozambique

ERS SAR image of internal waves in the Gulf of Cadiz

References for the lesson on Internal Waves

References for the lesson on Internal Waves

Alpers, W., Theory of radar imaging of internal waves, Nature, 245-247, 1985.

Apel, J.R., Marine SAR Manual, available in CDROM from NOAA, 2004.

Apel, J.R. and F.I. Gonzalez, Nonlinear features of internal waves off Baja California as observed from SEASAT imaging radar, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 88, C7, 4459-4466, 1983.

Da Silva, J.C.B, A. L. New, and J. M. Magalhaes, Internal solitary waves in the Mozambique Channel: Observations and interpretation, Journal of Geophysical ResearchVol. 114, C05001, doi:10.1029/2008JC005125, 2009. A PDF copy of the paper is included in the PDF folder of this lesson

Da Silva, J.C.B, S.A. Ermakov, I.S. Robinson, D.R.G. Jeans and S.V. Kijashko, Role of Surface Films in ERS SAR signatures of Internal Waves on the Shelf. 1. Short-period internal waves, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 103, No. C4, 8009-8031, 1998.

Kantha, L.H. and C.A. Clayson, Small Scale Processes in Geophysical Fluid Flows”, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Vol. 67, 888p, 2000.

Liu, A.K., Y.S. Chang, M.-K. Hsu, and N.K. Liang, Evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the East and South China Seas, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 103, No. C4, 7995-8008, 1998.

Ostrovsky, L.A. and Y.A. Stepanyants, Do internal Solitons exist in the Ocean, Rev. Geophys., 27(3), 293-310, 1989.

Pingree, R.D., D.K. Griffiths, and G.T Mardell, The structure of the internal tide at the Celtic Seashelf break, J. Mar. Bio. Assoc. U.K., 64, 99-113, 1983.

Robinson, I.S, K. Ouchi and J.O. Thomas, Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging of internal waves, Oxford computer services Ltd., Report for MOD Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment, Portland, Dorset, U.K., 1983.

Vesecky, J.F. and R.H. Stewart, The observation of ocean surface radar phenomena using imagery from the Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar: An assessment, Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 3397-3430, 1982.

  Link to ESA's Envisat website Link to Spotwave, Dept. of Oceanography, University of Lisbon, PL Link to NOC's website